THE THREE-WAY DIGITAL CURRENCY WAR
Feb 01, 2026
How should SWFs and Asset Owners rethink about crypto assets in 2026?
By Winston Ma Partner of Dragon Global Family Office; Former MD, China Investment Corp (CIC)
In 2025, bitcoin showed how spectacularly wrong price forecasts can be, after the initial optimism driven by President Donald Trump. Within days of taking office for the second time, he issued an executive order that repealed restrictions on cryptocurrency and introduced new favorable regulations as well as a presidential working group on digital assets. Again in March, Trump set up a new “strategic cryptocurrency reserve” that essentially consolidated US government’s bitcoin holdings.
Then Trump signed the GENIUS Act in July 2027, which marked the United States' first major legislative step towards regulating stablecoins, which sparked huge market enthusiasm for the broad adoption of stable coins and crypto assets in the financial world. When Bitcoin reached its all-time peak of $126,198 on October 7, it seemed that nothing could stop the crypto assets taking over the global monetary system.
Yet despite optimistic forecasts, bitcoin ended the year significantly below its peak, marking its first full-year loss since 2022 – along with many other crypto assets. There are many factors contributing to this drastic twist, but one thing is clear: w are not yet entering an era defined by one dominant form of new money – if cryptocurrencies are deemed as money.

Source: Book Blockchain and Web3 (Winston Ma, 2023 Wiley Publishing)
In fact, as we enter 2026, the global financial architecture is undergoing a three-way contest (See Figure above) among sovereign central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), corporate-issued stablecoins, and decentralized crypto assets. For asset owners, , understanding the dynamics among these three pillars is essential to navigating the next decade of monetary innovation, regulatory risk, and strategic capital allocation.
First, decentralized digital assets have steadily carved out a legitimate, if volatile, role in the global financial system. The “permissioinless” public blockchains have achieved what no central bank or corporation has: open, censorship-resistant settlement infrastructure that operates 24/7 across borders without intermediaries. In countries plagued by inflation or capital controls, their citizens already use crypto not as speculation, but as daily money.
Second, stablecoins emerged to solve crypto’s volatility problem—and in doing so, became the bridge between legacy finance and the digital-native economy. U.S.-regulated stablecoins, particularly those pegged 1:1 to the dollar (e.g., Tether USDC), are being actively promoted by Treasury and State Department officials as extensions of dollar hegemony. Major tech companies and financial institutions are poised to be stablecoin issuers under the US GENIUS Act in 2026 (or more likely, in 2027, depending on its implementation rules.)
Third, enter CBDCs— as the state’s response to the rise of decentralized and corporate digital money. China’s e-CNY is the most advanced, with over 300 million wallets and real-world use in transport, retail, and government disbursements. But its most significant innovation arrives in 2026: interest-bearing e-CNY, which means the Chinese CBDC is advancing into an era of "digital deposits", from "digital cash".
And the CBDC network is expanding globally. In late 2025, China and the UAE executed the first cross-border CBDC payment under a CBDC platform, bypassing SWIFT and dollar intermediation. Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and others are expected to join in 2026. Overall, China is find creative ways to expand the usage of its CDBC, domestically and globally.
In short, in this three-way digital currency war, there are no signs of a clear, dominant winner just yet. This is best illustrated by the parallel developments in the UAE, where
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Mubadala, the SWF in Abu Dhabi, has disclosed its investments in cryto ETFs;
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ADQ, another SWF in Abu Dhabi, is collaborating with IHC (UAE Royal Holding) and FAB (UAE commercial bank) to develop UAE Dirham-Backed Stablecoin; and
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The UAE government is in the pilot phase of launching its CBDC, the "Digital Dirham
For asset owners, three-way digital currency war makes the concept of “digital assets” more complicated then ever. For sovereign wealth funds, they have additional link to the soverign CBDCs of their own countries, especially for those who are affiliated with or even directly owned by their central banks. The new year 2026 may well be the year where the interesting dynamics between soverign investment funds and sovereign digital currencies to develop.
About the Author

Prof. Winston Ma, CFA & Esq., is an investor, attorney, author, and adjunct professor in the global AI-digital economy. He is a partner of Dragon Global, an AI-focused family office (CIO - Chief Investment Officer of the StorageBlue Capital Management), and he is also the Executive Director of Global Public Investment Funds Forum and an Adjunct Professor (on Sovereign Investors) at New York University (NYU) School of Law.
Most recently for 10 years, he was Managing Director and Head of North America Office for China Investment Corporation (CIC), China’s sovereign wealth fund. Prior to that, Mr. Ma served as the deputy head of equity capital markets at Barclays Capital, a vice president at J.P. Morgan investment banking, and a corporate lawyer at Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. He is one of a small number of native Chinese who have worked as investment professionals and practicing capital markets attorneys in both the United States and China.
Formerly a nationally certified Software Programmer, Mr. Ma is the author of more than 10 books on SWF funds, digital economy, and global geopolitics, including The Hunt for Unicorns: How Sovereign Funds are Reshaping Investment in the Digital Economy and most recently “Blockchain and Web3” (among 2024 “six must-read blockchain books” by TechTarget). He has been frequently interviewed by CNBC and Bloomberg TV and quoted by major financial media including WSJ, Reuters, and Financial Times. He was selected a 2013 Young Global Leader at the World Economic Forum (WEF), and in 2014 he received the NYU Distinguished Alumni Award.
THE CIO PLAYBOOK
Is 2026 the year thinking becomes alpha?
February 2026 | Author - Jethro Goodchild
If 2025 taught us anything, it’s that the world is full of potholes – from policy missteps, to geopolitical provocation, to data that was incomplete, delayed or selectively published. The uncomfortable truth is that 2026 won’t be any easier. Complexity is rising, clarity is narrowing and AI is rapidly absorbing many of the tasks we once relied on to demonstrate competence.
In this environment, how you think is fast-becoming more important than what you know. Your ability to decipher, filter, question and connect the dots – along with the emotional intelligence to build trust and navigate human relationships – will matter more than ever.
In 2026, the investment landscape will keep shifting. Market regimes are changing, global leadership is moving toward a multipolar world and AI-driven productivity combined with heavy fiscal spending is extending the cycle in unfamiliar ways. Rising government debt burdens is also forcing investors to rethink the safety of the traditional 60/40 portfolio.
Against this backdrop, reading the true signals amid the noise becomes harder. Holding firm to your values and philosophies is essential. Without those guideposts, it’s like steering a boat without a rudder. A clear, evidence-based view of markets, paired with a disciplined process, keeps you anchored when volatility rises.
Living with misinformation: Think clearly to create a new edge
As trust in news and information continues to erode in 2026, the ability to think rationally, consistently and with a healthy dose of scepticism becomes indispensable.
Almost every platform today is built on incentives that prioritise attention over accuracy. Too many of them are outright misleading or factually wrong. Social media sits at the most toxic end of that spectrum, while independent research, paid analysis and books tend to offer more signal – though none are entirely free from bias.
Within these sources, the ability to interrogate sources, recognise conflicts of interest and separate genuine credibility from manufactured narratives becomes a true competitive edge.
The same erosion is happening in our personal lives: culture, trust and the foundations of relationships are being weakened by screens and AI-mediated interactions. Navigating these landmines has become harder than ever.
In response, the best approach is to avoid drifting with the current, to resist the easy path, to challenge the defaults and to be willing to think like a contrarian.
Own what’s real: Hard assets, human judgment and durable alpha
As AI reshapes industries and geopolitical tensions remain elevated, hard assets are likely to continue gaining relevance in an inflationary and multipolar world. The traits machines cannot (yet) replace—self-awareness, empathy, judgment and independent thinking – will define your resilience.
Just as in 2025, it should remain “easy” to find markets or specific commodities that outperform an overvalued US market. At the same time, the ballooning government debt burdens mean debt crises are a near-and-present danger, and deserve close attention.
The energy transition and infrastructure will offer compelling opportunities, as will food security, with global food demands set to escalate in the years ahead. After more than 30 years, the US has finally moved away from its metabolically disastrous food pyramid¹², although it may be too little too late; the global food industry has engineered a menu more addictive and deceptive than even social media. Unsurprisingly, billions are to be made in pharmaceuticals to treat the obesity crisis created by that very system. That is the state of the world in 2026.
Good luck navigating the waters; your philosophy, thought process and values are not merely helpful – they are your compass. Keep thinking, because thinking will become an increasingly important source of alpha.
References
¹ https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/dga-fact-sheet.pdf
² https://realfood.gov/
About the Author

With three decades of experience as an actuary and investment executive — including seven years as Chief Investment Officer at FWD Hong Kong — Jethro Goodchild brings a distinctive blend of actuarial discipline, investment expertise, and humancentred leadership. He has overseen portfolios up to USD 21bn across fixed income and multiasset strategies, designed enterprisewide investment and ALM frameworks, and shaped boardlevel decisionmaking through rigorous process design and clear, strategic communication. His career across Australia, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong has given him deep cultural fluency and a nuanced understanding of PanAsian markets and regulatory environments.
Jethro’s work is grounded in a philosophy that integrates behavioural psychology with investment practice. He is known for translating complex market dynamics into accessible insights, and for helping teams and stakeholders understand not only what decisions to make, but why human behaviour so often shapes outcomes. His thought leadership spans investment strategy, risk culture, and the behavioural foundations of good decisionmaking — themes he brings to life through his writing, public speaking, and advisory work.
Recognized as an empathetic and empowering leader, Jethro fosters collaboration, psychological safety, and high performance in multicultural, matrixed environments. He is committed to developing people as deeply as portfolios, believing that sustainable investment excellence emerges from clarity, curiosity, and shared purpose. His writing reflects this same ethos: a blend of technical precision, behavioural insight, and practical wisdom aimed at helping others navigate complexity with confidence and integrity.




